王子晋祠

词语||专业翻译必备:中国历史常用术语中英对照一览表(转载):吐鲁番王姓

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  先秦:

   旧石器时代 Paleolithic 或者 Old Stone Age

   新石器时代 Neolithic 或者 New Stone Age

   部落联盟 Tribal Union

   传说时代 Mythical history

   三皇五帝 Three Sovereigns and Five Legends 或者统称为 Legendary Ancient Sages

   黄帝 Huang Di吐鲁番王姓,Huang Ti 或者 Yellow Emperor

   炎帝 Yan Di吐鲁番王姓,Yan Ti,Yan Emperor 或者 Flame Emperor

   华夏部 Huaxia Tribal Union

   九黎部 Jiuli Tribal Union 或者 Tribal Union of Nine Lis

   三代 Great Reigns of Three Generations

   尧天舜日 Great Reigns of Yao and Shun

   禅让制 Abdicating and passing down the throne

   大禹 Yu, the Great

   夏朝 Xia dynasty 或者 Hsia dynasty

   商朝 Shang dynasty

   信史 Faithful history

   殷墟 Ruins of Yin, Relic of Yin 或者直接Yin Xu

   甲骨文 Scripts on Oracle Bones

   青铜年代 Bronze Age

   周朝 Zhou dynasty 或者 Chou dynasty

   西周 Western Zhou

   天命 Mandate of Heaven

   天子 Son of the Heavenly King

   周公旦 Duke of Zhou

   分封制:这个说法太多了,我觉得比较靠谱的是Feudalism system 或者 Enfeoffment system吐鲁番王姓。有的文章用的Tributary system,个人觉得不靠谱,那是藩属国而不是诸侯国。

   分封的诸侯国:这个说法也很多吐鲁番王姓,常见的有Principality,Feudatory state 以及 Vassal state,但我比较喜欢第一个,因为后两种貌似指的是欧洲那种诸侯国或者附庸国;到了战国就可以直接说State了,比如秦国就是State Qin,魏国是State Wei,卫国是State Wey

   诸侯本人:Feudal lords

   宗法制:其实就是以血缘为准的嫡长子继承其余分封的制度,有人用Patriarchy这个词,但是这个词只强调了父系血统,却没有强调继承吐鲁番王姓。我比较喜欢的处理方法是直接说Zongfa system,然后再用一两句话解释,比如the wife’s eldest son will inherit the lineage of the clan, while younger sons of the wife and sons of concubines will not be regarded as rightful successors of the clan. The eldest son will also inherit the noble title of his father and majority share of the heritage.

   礼乐制度 Rites and Music Principals

   周礼 Rituals of Zhou

   成康之治 Great Reigns of King Cheng and King Kang

   昭王伐楚 Campaign against Chu during King Zhao’s Reign

   穆天子之旅 Journey of King Mu

   穆天子传 Tale of King Mu

   国人暴动 Riot of people in the capital city

   烽火戏诸侯 War Signal Drama 或者 Fake War Signals

   东周 Eastern Zhou

   春秋 Spring and Autumn Period

   战国 Warring States Period

   春秋五霸 Five Hegemons

   吴越争霸 Contention of Wu and Yue 或者 Rivalry between Wu and Yue

   战国七雄:貌似没有专门的说法吐鲁番王姓,一般就是Seven Warring States

   百家争鸣 Hundred Schools of Thoughts

   儒家 Confucianism

   孔子 Confucius 或 School of Ru(不常用)

   孟子 Mencius

   荀子 Xuncius

   道家 Taoism 或 Daoism

   老子 Lao Tzu 或 Laozi

   庄子 Chuang Tzu或Zhuangzi

   无为 Wu-wei吐鲁番王姓,解释为Action of actionless

   墨家 Mohism

   法家 Legalism

   名家 Logicianism 或者 School of Names

   阴阳家 Naturalism吐鲁番王姓,School of Naturalists 或者 School of Yin and Yang

   纵横家 School of Diplomacy

   小说家 School of Minor Talks

   杂家 Syncretism

   农家 Agriculturalism

   医家 School of Medicine

   兵家 School of Military

   孙子兵法 The Art of War 或者 Art of Wars

   孙子 Sun Tzu

   四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics

   论语 Analects of Confucius 或者直接 Lun Yu

   大学 Great Learning

   中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 或者直接 Zhongyong

   诗经 Classic of Poetry 或者 Classic of Songs

   书经 Book of Documents

   礼记 Book of Rites 或者 Classic of Rites

   易经 Book of Changes 或者 I-Ching

   春秋 Annals of Spring and Autumn

   六韬 Six Secret Teachings

   商君书 The Book of Lord Shang

   管子 Guanzi

   韩非子 Han Feizi

   法经 Canon of Laws

   尸子 Shizi

   列子 Liezi

   竹书纪年 Bamboo Annals

   战国四公子 Four Lords of Warring States

   食客 Retainer

   商鞅变法 Reform of Shang Yang in State Qin

   胡服骑射 Riding and shooting in nomadic dress

   井田制 Hashtag-shaped-field system 或者 Well-field system吐鲁番王姓,但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白

   都江堰 Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project

   太傅 Grand Tutor

   太保 Grand Guard

   太师 Grand Preceptor

   先秦时期的国君吐鲁番王姓,一般就是King (Duke) + 名字或谥号 + 朝代/国家,比如商纣王King Zhou of Shang,周武王 King Wu of Zhou,齐桓公 Duke Huan of Qi,越王勾践 King Gou Jian of Yue

  秦汉:

   秦朝 Qin dynasty 或者 Chin dynasty

   秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang Emperor吐鲁番王姓,First Emperor of Qin 或者 Shi Huang Ti

   兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors

   焚书坑儒 Burning of Books and Burying of Confucianism Scholars

   陈胜吴广起义 Dazexiang Uprising

   郡县制 Administrative system with prefectures and counties吐鲁番王姓,有的地方也说成commanderies and districts

   灵渠 Ling Canal

   阿房宫 Epang Palace

   封禅:一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释吐鲁番王姓,比如a type of ceremony held on Mount Tai where the emperor would offer sacrifices to the heavenly king

   楚汉战争 Chu-Han Contention

   西楚霸王 Prince of Western Chu

   汉朝 Han dynasty

   匈奴:现在一般都叫Xiongnu了吐鲁番王姓,以前很多人叫他们Huns,但是这个争议比较大,因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的

   冒顿单于 Modu Chanyu

   军臣单于 Gunchen Chanyu

   东胡 Donghu 或者 Eastern Hu

   游牧民族 Nomadic people

   南蛮 Southern Barbarians

   百越 Hundred Yue Tribes 或者 Hundred Viet Tribes

   文景之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing

   七国之乱 Rebellion of seven feudatory states

   罢黜百家独尊儒术 (to) Promote Confucianism and suppress other schools of thoughts

   史记 Record of the Grand Historian 或者就叫 Shiji

   二十四史 The 24 Official History Accounts 或者 The 24 Official Histories

   丝绸之路 Silk Road

   龟兹:现在一般就叫Qiuci吐鲁番王姓,但比较老的文献用的是Kucha,Kutsi或者Kucina,即库车

   焉耆 Yanqi吐鲁番王姓,Karachar或者Karasahr

   疏勒:常见的就是Shule吐鲁番王姓,或者就用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代

   月氏 Yueh-Chi 或者 Ro-Chi

   康居 Sogdiana

   大宛 Dayuan 或 Tayuan

   拔汗那(其实就是费尔干纳) Ferghana

   大夏 Bactria

   朝鲜半岛汉四郡 Four Commanderies of Han in Korean Peninsula 或者 Four Counties of Han in Korean Peninsula

   贵霜 Kushan

   安息 Parthia

   大秦 Roman Empire

   河西走廊 River-west Corridor, River-west Aisle, Hexi Corridor 或者直接 Hexi

   玉门关 Yumen Pass 或者 Jade Gate Pass

   罪己诏 Edict of Introspection

   西域都护府(西汉) Western Region Protectorate

   西域长史府(东汉)Western Region Chief Administration Bureau

   高句丽 Goguryeo

   新朝 Xin dynasty

   光武中兴 The Reign of Emperor Guangwu

   造纸术 Paper-making technology

   黄巾起义 Yellow Turbans Uprising

   吕布 Lyu Bu吐鲁番王姓,Lv Bu 或者 Lu Bu

   赤壁之战 Battle of Red Cliffs

   察举制:这个貌似没见过专门的对应吐鲁番王姓,所以就还是直接说Cha Ju system,然后加以说明,比如nominate (recommend) prospective government officials based on their filial morality and honesty

   九品中正制:记得在哪里见过它被叫做Nine-rank system吐鲁番王姓,但是这么说了也等于没说,所以我觉得还是按照上面的处理,说拼音Jiu Pin Zhong Zheng system 然后加说明,比如nominate government officials based on their social status in the hierarchy of nine grades

   三公九卿 Three Councillors and Nine Ministers/Chamberlains

   丞相/宰相 Chancellor

   司马 Chancellor of Wars

   司徒 Chancellor of Masses

   司空 Chancellor of Constructions 或者 Chancellor of Works

   太常卿 Minister of Ceremonies

   卫尉卿 Minister of Defense 或者 Minister of Guards

   光禄卿 Minister of Imperial Household

   廷尉(后来的大理寺卿) Minister of Justice

   宗正 Minister of Royal Clan

   大司农 Minister of Finance

   汉朝皇帝的叫法吐鲁番王姓,举两个例子,剩下的都一样:汉高祖 Emperor Gaozu of Han,汉武帝 Emperor Wu of Han

   刺史 Cishi, the provincial-level governor

   州牧 Zhoumu吐鲁番王姓,the provincial-level governor

   太守 Taishou吐鲁番王姓,the prefectural-level governor

   县令 Xianling吐鲁番王姓,the county-level governor 或者 county magistrate

   中郎 Inner Gentleman

   中郎将 Leader of court gentlemen

   汉赋 Rhapsody poetry of Han dynasty 或者就叫 Fu Poetry

   汉书 Book of Han

   后汉书 Book of Later Han

   盐铁论 Discourses on Salt and Iron

   金缕玉衣 A jade suit with golden wires

   九章算术 Nine Chapters of Mathematics

   昭君出塞 Wang Zhaojun’s Marriage to Xiongnu

  魏晋南北朝:

   三国 Three Kingdoms

   六出祁山 Zhuge Liang’s six northern expeditions/campaigns against Cao Wei

   竹林七贤 Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest

   三国志 Records of Three Kingdoms

   晋朝 Jin dynasty

   八王之乱 The War of Eight Princes

   永嘉之变 Disaster of Yongjia

   五胡乱华 Five groups of barbarians invaded Northern China

   鲜卑 Xianbei 或者 Siber

   嚈哒 Hephthalite

   罽宾(犍陀罗)Gandhara

   十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 或者 Sixteen States

   祖逖北伐 Northern Expeditions of Zu Ti

   兰亭集序 Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems

   书圣(王羲之)Master of Chinese calligraphy

   田园诗 Poetry of Chinese Fields and Gardens

   山水诗 Poetry of Chinese Landscapes

   清谈:貌似没有很好的对应吐鲁番王姓,直接说Qingtan或则Pure Conversation,然后解释,比如a popular type of conversations about Taoist philosophies in Jin dynasty

   淝水之战 Battle of Fei River

   前秦 Kingdom of Former Qin

   晋书 Book of Jin

   南北朝 Southern and Northern dynasties

   北魏 Northern Wei 或者 Tuoba Wei

   东魏 Eastern Wei

   西魏 Western Wei

   北齐 Northern Qi 或者 Northern Chi

   北周 Northern Zhou 或者 Northern Chou

   南朝宋 Liu Song dynasty

   南朝齐 Southern Qi 或者 Southern Chi

   南朝梁 Liang dynasty

   南朝陈 Chen dynasty

   孝文帝改革 Reform of Emperor Xiaowen

   汉化 Sinicization(动词 Sinicize)

   鲜卑化 Xianbeilization

   云冈石窟 Yungang Grottoes

   龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes

   鸠摩罗什 Kumarajiva

   达摩 Bodhidharma

   禅宗 Zen

   净土宗 Pure Land Buddhism 或者 Amidish(但是有争议)

   华严宗 Flower Garland School

   天台宗 Tiantai School 或者 Tendai School

   密宗 Esoteric School

   法相宗 Faxiang School吐鲁番王姓,Dharma Characteristic School 或者 East Asian Yogacara

   妙法莲华经 Lotus Sutra

   柔然:一般就是Rouran吐鲁番王姓,以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar

   六镇起义 Riot of Six Military Towns

   侯景之乱 Rebellion of Hou Jing

   齐民要术 Essential Techniques for People’s Welfare

   水经注 Commentary on the Water Classic

   世说新语 A New Account of Tales in the World

   吐谷浑 Tuyuhun Kingdom

   象雄 Zhang-Zhung

   敕勒(其实就是铁勒、高车) Tiele

   关陇集团 Military clans of Guanzhong and Longshan

   士族 Nobel clans 或则 Shizu clans

   庶族 Normal clans 或者 Shuzu clans

   府兵制 Local Militia system 或者 Fubing system

   玉树后庭花 Jade Tree and Backyard Flowers

   南史 History of Southern Dynasties

   北史 History of Northern Dynasties

   魏书 Book of Wei

   北齐书 Book of Northern Qi

   周书 Book of Zhou

   宋书 Book of Song (注意和后面的宋史区分)

   齐书 Book of Qi(这是南朝齐的二十四史)

   梁书 Book of Liang

   陈书 Book of Chen

   玉台新咏 New Songs from the Jade Terrace

  隋唐:

   隋朝 Sui dynasty

   开皇之治 Great Reign of Kaihuang

   科举考试 Imperial Exams

   大运河 Grand Canal

   三省 Three Departments

   六部 Six Ministries 或者 Six Boards

   二十四司 Twenty-Four Bureaus

   中书省 Department of Imperial Secretariats

   门下省 Department of Chancellors

   尚书省 Department of Imperial Affairs

   吏部 Ministry of Personnel

   户部 Ministry of Revenue 或者 Ministry of Household Registration

   礼部 Ministry of Rites

   兵部 Ministry of National Defense 或者 Ministry of Wars

   刑部 Ministry of Justice 或者 Ministry of Punishments

   工部 Ministry of Constructions 或者 Ministry of Works

   突厥 Turks 或者 Tujue

   薛延陀 Xueyantuo 或者 Syr Tardush

   土门可汗 Bumin Khan/Qaghan

   达头可汗 Tardu Khan

   启民可汗 Yami Khan

   始毕可汗 Shibi Khan

   颉利可汗 Illig Khan

   隋朝皇帝:隋文帝 Emperor Wen of Sui吐鲁番王姓,隋炀帝 Emperor Yang of Sui

   杨玄感叛乱 Revolt of Yang Xuangan

   瓦岗起义 Wagang Uprising

   均田制 Equal-field system

   新罗 Silla

   百济 Baekje

   隋书 Book of Sui

   唐朝 Tang dynasty

   玄武门之变 Xuanwu Gate Incident

   贞观之治 Great Reign of Zhenguan

   昭陵六骏 Six Steeds of Zhao Tomb/Mausoleum

   高昌 Gocho吐鲁番王姓,Qocho,Karahoja(一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国)或者就是 Gaochang

   吐蕃 Tibetan Empire

   松赞干布 Songtsen Gampo

   布达拉宫 Potala Palace

   文成公主 Princess Wencheng

   尺尊公主 Bhrikuti

   逻些 就叫Lhasa

   苯教 Bon

   莲花生大师 Padmasambhava

   单于都护府 Chanyu Protectorate

   安北都护府 An’bei Protectorate 或者 Pacifying North Protectorate

   安西都护府 An’xi Protectorate 或者 Pacifying West Protectorate

   北庭都护府 Beiting Protectorate 或者 Beshbalik Protectorate

   濛池都护府 Mengchi Protectorate

   昆凌都护府 Kunling Protectorate

   黑水都护府 Heishui Protectorate

   安东都护府 An’dong Protectorate 或者 Pacifying East Protectorate

   安南都护府 An’nan Protectorate 或者 Pacifying South Protectorate

   安西四镇 Four Military Towns/Stations/Garrisons of An’xi Protectorate

   熊津都督府 Ungjin Commandery

   吐火罗都督府 Tocharian Commandery

   条支都督府 Antiochia Commandery

   碎叶 Suyab

   别失八里 Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq吐鲁番王姓,其实就是庭州Tingzhou

   拜火教 Zoroastrianism

   厥特勤碑 Orhun Inscriptions

   唐初十道:Ten Daos of Early Tang吐鲁番王姓,道有时候也被翻译成Circuit或者Province

   长安东市 Eastern Market of Chang’an

   长安西市 Western Market of Chang’an

   大明宫 Daming Palace

   曲江池 Qujiang Pond 或者 Qujiangchi Lake

   宵禁 Curfew

   京兆尹 Mayor of Capital City

   武周 Second Zhou dynasty

   武则天 Empress Wu Zetian

   无字碑 Blank Monument of Wu Zetian

   萨珊波斯 Sassanian Persia

   倭马亚 Umayyad Caliphate

   阿拔斯(大食) Abbasside Caliphate

   怛罗斯之战 Battle of Talas

   开元盛世 Great Reign of Kaiyuan

   唐朝皇帝举例:唐太宗 Emperor Taizong of Tang,唐肃宗 Emperor Su of Tang吐鲁番王姓。有个特殊的,就是唐玄宗,常见的当然是Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 或者 Emperor Ming of Tang,但是有个很狗血的说法是Illustrious August,第一次读论文见到这个名字的时候被我当成了路人甲处理,结果发现看不下去,愣了我半天,真是不知道谁最早翻译的,幸好用的人也不多

   杨贵妃 Lady Yang

   荔枝 Lychee

   霓裳羽衣曲 The Song of Feathered Clothes with Colors of Rainbow

   唐诗 Tang Poetry

   李白 Li Bai 或者 Li Bo

   诗仙 Master of Poetry吐鲁番王姓,Genius of Poetry 或者 God of Poetry

   诗圣 Sage of Poetry

   诗佛(王维) Buddha of Poetry

   诗鬼(李贺)Phantom of Poetry 或者 Ghost of Poetry

   诗骨(陈子昂)Bone of Poetry 或者 Stand of Poetry

   诗杰(王勃)The Outstanding Poet

   诗奴(孟郊)Slave of Poetry 或者 Prisoner of Poetry

   诗魔(白居易)Devil of Poetry 或者 Demon of Poetry

   诗豪(刘禹锡)Elite of Poetry 或者 Hero of Poetry

   诗狂(贺知章)The Mad Poet

   诗瓢(唐求)The Calabash Poet

   骈文 Pianwen, a type of rhythmical prose with perfect parallel lines

   古文运动 Classic/Ancient Prose Movement

   日本遣唐使 Japanese missions to Imperial China 或者 Kento Shi

   开元占经 Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era

   安禄山 An Lushan 或者Ann Rockshen

   安史之乱 An Lushan’s Rebellion 或者 An-Shi Rebellion

   回纥汗国 Uighur Khanate 或者 Uyghur Khanate

   汗庭 Khan’s Court

   突骑施 Turgesh

   葛逻禄 Karluks

   黠戛斯 Kirgis 或者 Kyrghiz

   节度使:一般就叫Jiedushi吐鲁番王姓,然后解释一下说是一种Regional military governor,经常会形成Warlord

   藩镇:一般就叫Fanzhen吐鲁番王姓,然后解释一下就是各地被Jiedushi来管理(administrate)形成的local militia forces

   募兵制:Professional Militia system

   折冲府:就是Zhechong Fu吐鲁番王姓,然后解释一下说是募兵制下形成的一种军队division

   十二卫军/十六卫军 12/16 divisions of Imperial Guards

   盐业专售 Salt Commission

   渤海国 Balhea 或者 Pohai

   南诏国 Nanzhao

   牛李党争 Factional Struggles between Niu and Li Parties

   甘露之变 Ganlu Incident 或者 Sweet Dew Incident

   唐蕃会盟 Tang-Tibetan Meeting

   太监 Eunuch

   会昌毁佛 Anti-Buddhism Campaign/Persecution in the Reign of Huichang

   朗达玛 Langdarma

   归义军 Guiyi Circuit

   黄巢起义 Huang Chao(‘s) Uprising

   旧唐书 Old Book of Tang

   新唐书 New Book of Tang

   边塞诗 Poetry of Military Service 或者 Poetry of Frontier Zones

   唐会要 Institutional History of Tang

   通典 Comprehensive Documents

   酉阳杂俎 Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang

   大唐西域记 The Grand/Great Tang Record on the Western Region

   给事郎 Supervising Secretary

   进奏院 Capital Liaison Office

   按察使 Surveillance Commissioner

  五代宋元

   五代十国 Five dynasties and ten kingdoms

   沙陀人 Shatuo people

   幽云十六州 16 Prefectures of You and Yun

   旧五代史 Old History of Five Dynasties

   新五代史 New History of Five Dynasties

   宋朝 Song dynasty 或者 Sung dynasty

   陈桥兵变 Incident of Chenqiao Station 或者 The Mutiny of Chenqiao Station

   杯酒释兵权 Dismissing generals from their duties during a banquet

   路 Circuit 或者 Lu

   府 Prefecture 或者 Fu

   契丹 Khitan

   辽朝 Liao dynasty

   耶律 Yelu 或者 Yelyu

   阿保机 Abaoji

   睡王(辽穆宗)The sleeping emperor

   澶渊之盟 Treaty of Chanyuan

   岁币 Annual Tribute

   党项 Tangut People

   西夏 Western Xia 或者 Xixia

   于阗王国 Khotan Kingdom

   黑汗 Kara Khanid

   西州回鹘 Xizhou Uighurs 或者 Gaochang Uighurs

   大理国 Dali Kingdom

   西南夷 Southwestern Barbarians

   唐宋八大家 Eight Prose Masters of Tang and Song

   清明上河图 Along the River During the Qingming Festival

   梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essays

   熙宁改革(王安石变法)Reform of Xining 或者 Wang Anshi’s Reform

   宋词 Lyric Poetry 或者就说 Ci

   豪放派 Bold faction 或者 Unconstrained faction

   婉约派 Restrained faction

   词牌:一般直接说Cipai吐鲁番王姓,然后解释,比如the format and genre of a lyric poetry based on the rhythm and tunes

   花石纲 The shipping of rare rocks

   女真 Jurchen 或者 Nuchen

   金朝 Jurchen Jin dynasty 或者 Jinn dynasty吐鲁番王姓,在不发生混淆的情况下可以用Jin dynasty

   完颜 Wanyan

   猛安 Meng’an, the Jurchen chiliarch

   谋克 Mouke, the Jurchen centurion

   耶律大石西征 Expedition of Yelyu Dashi

   西辽 Qara Khitan吐鲁番王姓,Kara Khitai 或者 Western Liao

   虎思斡耳朵(八剌沙衮)Balasagun 或者 Hoosihorde吐鲁番王姓,斡耳朵就是Horde,大帐

   卡特万之战 Battle of Qatwan

   花剌子模 Khwarazmian kingdom

   靖康之变 Incident of Jingkang

   岳家军 Yue Fei’s Army或者Yue’s Circuit

   绍兴和议 Compromise of Shaoxing

   海陵王 Prince of Hailing

   交子 Jiaozi, the paper currency

   活字印刷术 Typographic Printing Technology

   宋明理学 Neo-Confucianism

   宋四大书 Four Great Books of Song

   太平广记 Extensive Records of the Taiping Era

   太平御览 Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era

   文苑英华 Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature

   册府元龟 Archival Palace as the Great Oracle 或者 Models from the Archives

   宋朝皇帝举两个例子吐鲁番王姓,宋神宗 Emperor Shenzong of Song,宋高宗 Emperor Gaozong of Song,别的都是这个格式,辽金也一样

   宋史 History of Song

   金史 History of Jin

   辽史 History of Liao

   蒙古汗国 Mongol Khanate

   蒙古帝国 Mongol Empire

   大斡耳朵 Grand Horde

   乃蛮部 Naimans

   塔塔尔部 Tatars

   克烈部 Keraites

   蔑儿乞部 Merkit

   孛儿只斤 Borjigin

   成吉思汗 Genghis Khan

   铁木真 Temujin

   窝阔台 Ogedei

   托雷 Tolui

   贵由 Guyuk

   蒙哥 Mongke

   忽必烈 Kublai

   金帐汗国 Golden Horde Khanate

   伊尔汗国 Ilkhanate

   察合台汗国 Chagatai Khanate

   窝阔台汗国 Ogedei Khanate

   高丽 Goryeo

   元朝 Yuan dynasty

   达鲁花赤 Darughachi

   色目人 Semu people 或者 Colored-eye people

   汉人 Han people in the north

   南人 Southerners

   行省:全称是行中书省 Branch Secretariats吐鲁番王姓,一般就叫 Province

   宣政院 Bureau of Buddhism and Tibetan Affairs

   红巾起义 Red Turbans Rebellion

   元顺帝 Emperor Shun of Yuan

   元曲 Yuan Qu, a type of poetry based on tunes of music 或者 Tune poetry

   元史 History of Yuan

   授时历 Calendar of Fixing Time 或者 Shoushi Calendar

   宋朝时的吐蕃诸部 Era of Fragmentation of Tibet

   西藏法王 Prince of Dharma

   噶当派 Kadam

   噶举派 Kagyu

   格鲁派 Gelug

   萨迦派 Sakya

   宁玛派 Nyingma

   觉囊派 Jonang

   仲敦巴 Dromton

   萨迦班智达 Sakya Pandita

   八思巴 Phagpa

   元大都 Khanbaliq或者Dadu

   上都 Xanadu或者Shangdu

   和林 Karakorum

   王保保 Koke Temur

   孛罗帖木儿 Bolad Temur

  明清:

   明朝 Ming dynasty

   明教 Manicheism

   胡惟庸案 Hu Weiyong Case

   蓝玉案 Lan Yu Case

   风闻言事 Impeach with hearsay

   大学士 Grand Secretariat

   靖难之役 Incident of Jingnan 或者 Jingnan Campaign

   燕王(朱棣)Prince of Yan

   永乐盛世 Great Reign of Yong’le Emperor

   永乐大典 Yong’le Encyclopedia

   郑和下西洋 Zheng He’s Voyages

   仁宣之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Xuanzong

   土木堡之变 Incident of Tumu Fortress 或者 Tumu Fortress Crisis

   夺门之变 The Restoration of Emperor Yingzong

   大礼仪之争 The Great Controversy of Rites

   倭寇 Japanese Pirates

   隆庆新政 Reform of Longqing Emperor

   张居正改革 Zhang Juzheng’s Reform

   俺答封贡 The Investiture of Altan Khan 或者 The Surrender of Tumod Mongols

   万历中兴 Reign of Wanli Emperor

   万历三大征 Three Great Military Campaigns of Wanli Emperor

   明末三大案 Three Cases of the Ming Court

   东林党争 Factional Movement of Donglin Society

   汉地十八省 China Proper

   北元 Northern Yuan

   鞑靼 Tatar Mongols

   瓦剌(卫拉特)Oriats Mongols

   奴儿干都司 Nurgan Military Commission

   乌斯藏都司 U-Tsang Military Commission

   朵干都司 Do-Kham Military Commission(朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成)

   帕木竹巴 Phagmodrupa

   仁蚌巴 Rinpungpa

   藏巴汗 Tsangpa

   朝贡国 Tributary States

   进贡 Pay the tribute

   高丽 Goryeo

   李氏朝鲜 Joseon

   琉球王国 Ryukyu Kingdom

   俺答汗 Altan Khan

   蒙古左翼和右翼 Left Wing/Right Wing of Mongols

   亦力把里(东察合台汗国吐鲁番王姓,可以就叫Chagatai Khanate,但这个音其实就是伊犁)Ili-baliq 或者 Yili

   叶尔羌汗国 Yarkand Khanate 或者 Yarkent Khanate

   吐鲁番汗国 Turpan Khanate

   土默特部 Tumod

   哈密国 Kara Del

   厂卫 Secret police agency of Ming dynasty

   东厂 Eastern Depot 或者 Dongchang secret police agency

   西厂 Western Depot 或者 Xichang secret police agency

   李自成起义 Li Zicheng Uprising

   郑成功 Kosinga 或者 Koxinga(”国姓爷”)

   南明 Southern Ming 或者 Regimes of Ming Loyalists in the South

   明史 History of Ming

   明朝皇帝:一般有两套说法,一种是年号+Emperor,一种是Emperor + 庙号吐鲁番王姓。比如朱元璋可以是Hongwu Emperor,也可以是Emperor Taizu of Ming;朱由检可以是Chongzhen Emperor,也可以是Emperor Sizong of Ming。

   宗人府 Imperial Clan Court

   清朝 Qing dynasty吐鲁番王姓,Tsing dynasty 或者 Ching dynasty

   满族 Manchus

   满洲 Manchuria

   爱新觉罗 Aisin Gioro

   努尔哈赤 Nurhaci

   皇太极 Hong Taiji

   多铎 Prince Dodo

   多尔衮 Dorgon

   叶赫那拉 Yehe Nara

   山海关 Shanhai Pass

   林丹汗 Ligdan Khan

   铁帽子王 Iron-Cup Princes

   八旗制度: Eight Banners吐鲁番王姓,具体的一般正xx旗是Plain,比如正红旗是Plain Red Banner,镶xx旗是Bordered,比如镶黄旗是Bordered Yellow Banner

   内务府 Office of Imperial Household

   扬州十日 Ten Days of Desperate in Yangzhou,Yangzhou Massacre 或者 Ten-day Massacre of Yangzhou(其实最常见的是第二种,第一种我在一篇非学术论文里见过一次吐鲁番王姓。但我觉得第一种更好一些,因为massacre这个词比较诡异,比如美国的波士顿惨案、肯特州立大学惨案这种死了个位数人的也叫massacre,门槛貌似是死5个人左右,体现不出像扬州十日这样的大规模屠杀。扬州十日这个级别的事件应该有自己的专用名词,后面的南京大屠杀也同理,有叫Nanjing Massacre,也有叫专门的名字Rape of Nanjing)

   三藩之乱 Revolt of Three Feudatories

   鳌拜 Oboi

   准噶尔汗国 Dzungar Khanate

   噶尔丹 Galdan Boshugtu Khan

   塔里木盆地 Tarim Basin

   塔克拉玛干沙漠 Taklimakan Desert 或者 Taklamagan Desert

   和硕特汗国 Khoshut Khanate 或者 Qoshot Khanate

   喀尔喀蒙古 Khalkha Mongols

   乌里雅苏台 Uliastai

   唐努乌梁海 Tannu Uriankhai

   宁古塔 Nimguta

   康乾盛世 Great Reign of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors 或者 Great Reign of Three Emperors

   四库全书 Complete Book Collection in Four Sections

   军机处 Grand Council of State (originally for military emergencies)

   军机大臣 Military Chancellor 或者 Shumi(其实就是枢密)

   尼布楚条约 Treaty of Nerchinsk

   文字狱 Literary Inquisition

   汤若望 Johann Adam Schall von Bell

   南怀仁 Ferdinand Verbist

   大小和卓之乱 Rebellion of Altishahr Khojas

   和珅 Niohuru Heshen

   避暑山庄 Summer Mountain Resort in Chengde

   鸦片战争 Opium War

   南京条约 Treaty of Nanjing

   割地 Cede

   太平天国 Taiping Rebellion

   天王(洪秀全)Heavenly King/Prince

   捻军 Nian Rebellion

   湘军 Xiang Army 或者 Hunan Army

   第二次鸦片战争 Second Opium War

   北京条约 Treaty of Peking 或者 Convention of Peking

   商埠 Treaty ports 或者 Trading ports

   租界 Concessions

   中法战争 Sino-French War

   洋务运动 Self-Strengthening Movement

   汉阳兵工厂 Hanyang Arsenal

   安庆内军械所 Anqing Imperial Arsenal

   江南机器制造总局 Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau

   左宗棠:一般就是Zuo Zongtang吐鲁番王姓,但也有见过General Tso的

   同治陕甘之变 Dungan Revolt

   洪福汗国 Jetti Shahar Khanate

   戊戌变法 Wuxu Reform 或者 Hundred-day Reform

   北洋水师 Beiyang Fleet

   甲午战争 First Sino-Japanese War 或者 War of Jiawu Year

   马关条约 Treaty of Shimonoseki

   三国干涉还辽 Triple Intervention

   义和团 Boxers

   八国联军 Eight-Nation Alliance

   辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol

   东南互保 Mutual Protection of Southeast China

   慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Cixi

   兴中会 Revive China Society

   预备立宪 Constitutionalization Movement

   辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution

   孙中山 Sun Yat-Sen

   总督:Viceroy of + 地名吐鲁番王姓,比如直隶总督是Viceroy of Zhili,两广总督是Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi,两江总督是Viceroy of Juangsu and Jiangxi

   千总 Company commander of 1000 men

   把总 Commander of 400 men

   清朝皇帝:一般就是年号+Emperor,比如康熙是Kangxi Emperor,光绪是Guangxu Emperor吐鲁番王姓。溥仪一般就叫Puyi比较多。

   清史稿 Draft History of Qing

  其它或许有用的:

   谥号 Posthumous name (比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元)

   庙号 Temple name(比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖)

   年号 Era name 或者 Reign name(比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙)

   尊号 Regnal name(比如武则天的则天)

   姓 Surname 或者 Family name

   氏(先秦)Secondary surname 或者 Clan name (比如孔子姓是子吐鲁番王姓,氏是孔)

   名 Given name

   字 Courtesy name 或者 Style name

   号 Art name

   名讳 True name

   乳名 Birth name

   法号 Dharma name

   训名 School name

   避讳 Taboo of names

   爵位 Nobility rank

   太子 Crown Prince

   九爵 Nine orders of nobility

   亲王 Prince

   郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince

   国公 Duke

   郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke

   县公 County/District Duke

   侯爵 Marquis

   伯爵 Count

   子爵 Viscount

   男爵 Baron

   世袭的 Hereditary

   封建 to enfeoff

   皇后 Empress

   妃 Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines

   品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy

   正一品 First Rank Officials

   从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials

   正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official

   正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official

   从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official

   从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official

   另外官品还有一种简记法吐鲁番王姓,比如正一品是1a,从一品是1b,正四品上是4a,正四品下是4a’,从四品上是4b,从四品下是4b’

   奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences

   千牛卫 Imperial personal guard

   千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard

   食邑 Feudatory land

   官 Bureaucrat

   吏 Government staff

   四民 Four occupations(士农工商分别是gentry scholars吐鲁番王姓,peasants,craftsmen以及merchants)

   军阀的派系 Clique of xxx

   凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution

   腰斩 Death by cutting the waist

   绞刑 Death by hanging

   车裂 Death by dismembering the body

   廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks

   流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名

   追封 Posthumous enfeoffment

   钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector

   监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate

   诏书 Edict

   奏章 Memorial to the emperor

   俸禄 Salary for imperial officials

   中央集权 Centralization of authority

   龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe

   衙门 Administrative Office

   中书令 Secretariat Director

   中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter

   中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery

   同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery

   中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure

   大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice

   鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs

   光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen

   著作局 Editorial office

   转运使 Transport Commissioner

   处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters

   黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials

   国子监 Directorate of Education

   将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission

   御史台 Censorate

   法司 Judicial office

   翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor

   京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city

   教坊司 Imperial office of music

   东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince

   谏议大夫 Supervisory officer

   光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon吐鲁番王姓,银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon

   假节:一般说Jiajie吐鲁番王姓,然后解释,an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor

   主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate

   主书 Assistant drafters

   主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry

   主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter吐鲁番王姓,相当于古代政府的HR

   漕运:一般来说就是Caoyun吐鲁番王姓,然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government

   茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade

   羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy)吐鲁番王姓,和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen)

   进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试)吐鲁番王姓,有地方直接说是Jnshi(复数Jinshies)并解释是Imperial examination graduates,其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies,进士出身是xxx with jinshi background,同进士出身是along with jinshi background

   贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations

   举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations

   秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations)

   童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations

   冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash

   葱岭 Pamir Plateau

   兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains

   燕然山 Khangai Mountains

   华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang

   三字经 Three Character Classic

   百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames

   千字文 Thousand Character Classic

   人人译视界还拥有丰富甲方资源,与各大翻译公司及大量商翻译员达成战略合作,有长期稳定的招标订单来源,平台订单每日更新,欢迎译者及翻译公司前来入驻吐鲁番王姓。

  入驻商翻:关注人人译视界公众号吐鲁番王姓,根据提示完成个人能力认证及商翻登记

  本文转自:华南翻译市场

预约烧元宝祭祖

在中国的传统节日,也是祭祖和扫墓的日子。在这一天,人们会去墓地为已故的亲人扫墓,表达对先人的怀念和尊敬。烧纸钱是其中的一种习俗。烧纸钱,也称为“祭纸”或“冥币”,是一种象征性的财富,用于祭祀已故的亲人。这一习俗源于古代的信仰,人们认为死者在阴间也需要金钱来维持生活,因此会烧纸钱给他们,希望他们在另一个世界也能过得好。

预约烧金元宝-002.jpg

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